Ceeram - Glossary

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CEERAM S.A.S.
1, allée de la Filée
BP 54424
44244 La Chapelle sur Erdre
France

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Glossary

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Bacteria	Unicellular micro-organism without a nucleus (prokaryote) whose genome is circular DNA. It contains a single chromosome which has several thousand genes, each coding for a different protein. The majority of bacteria, however, also carry genes for other elements, known as plasmids. The chromosome generally carries genes essential for the survival of the bacterium and plasmids, those essential for survival only in certain conditions.
Bacteroides	Gram-negative bascillus found mainly in the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. The high rate of excretion in the stool, strong resistance in nature and host specificity of these bacteria are important indicators and tracers of fecal contamination.
Fungi	Unicellular organism with a nucleus.
Genotyping	Detection of specific, retained regions within a population with the aim of characterising and identifying an individual within this population.
Hepatitis E	Hepatitis E virus is a non-enveloped single strand RNA virus. The delay of incubation is around one month. The severity of the clinical signs increases with the going age of asymptomatic case in the young children (< 6 years old) with cases of acute or fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women. The transmission via the fecal-oral route is the most usual. It should be noted that an important animal tank exist.
MST	Microbial Source Tracking
Norovirus GI	Genogroup I noroviruses are non enveloped and single strand RNA viruses. These human enteric viruses are responsible for most of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. They are pathogenic for all age groups of the population. These viruses are very infectious; one to ten viral particles are sufficient to get sick.
Parasites	Animal or vegetable organism that develops to the detriment of other organisms, known as hosts, either for all or part of its life cycle, by harming the host but without necessarily causing its destruction.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)	The polymerase chain reaction allows a specific region in a genome to be amplified and multiplied. There are various types of PCR, one of which is real-time PCR. Unlike “classical” PCR, which delivers final results that are visible on agar or acrylamide gel, real-time PCR uses a probe coupled with a fluorochrome specific to the sequence to be amplified. During each cycle, fluorochromes are released and the quantity of fluorescence emitted is proportional to the quantity of nucleic acids present.
Picornavirus	A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Picornaviruses are non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with an icosahedral capsid. The genome RNA is unusual because it has a protein on the 5' end that is used as a primer for transcription by RNA polymerase. The name is derived from pico meaning small, and RNA referring to the ribonucleic acid genome, so "picornavirus" literally means small RNA virus. Picornaviruses are separated into 12 distinct genera and include many important pathogens of humans and animals. The diseases they cause are varied, ranging from acute "common-cold"-like illnesses, to poliomyelitis, to chronic infections in livestock.
RT-PCR	Retrotranscriptase linked to PCR allows specific regions of the RNA genome to be amplified.
Sequencing	Technique that allows the sequence of nucleic acids to be defined in a genome region.
Virus	Infectious microscopic particle that penetrates the cell and uses it to multiply and infect other cells. Viruses are groups of molecules comprising a genome (containing a single type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and an envelope of lipids and proteins or a protein capsid). To multiply, they hijack the host cell’s key vital mechanisms. As well as humans, animals, plants and even bacteria can be infected by viruses.
Viruses	Infectious microscopic particle that penetrates the cell and uses it to multiply and infect other cells. Viruses are groups of molecules comprising a genome (containing a single type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and an envelope of lipids and proteins or a protein capsid). To multiply, they hijack the host cell’s key vital mechanisms. As well as humans, animals, plants and even bacteria can be infected by viruses.